What action can lead to the creation of spores in plants?

The process of reproduction in plants can lead to the creation of spores, particularly in non-flowering plants such as ferns, mosses, and fungi. During their reproductive cycles, these plants undergo a specific life cycle phase called sporogenesis. This phase involves the formation of spores, which can be dispersed and grow into new organisms under suitable conditions.

In the case of ferns, for example, spores are produced in structures called sporangia, located on the underside of leaves. When these spores are released, they can germinate to form a new plant. This is distinct from the other options: photosynthesis, while essential for providing the energy plants need, does not produce spores; germination refers to the process by which a seed develops into a new plant, and pollination is related to the transfer of pollen for fertilization, which is part of sexual reproduction in flowering plants but does not directly result in spore production. Thus, reproduction encompasses many processes including spore formation, making it the correct choice in this context.