In biological classification, which of the following categories does not include reptiles?

In biological classification, amphibians do not include reptiles, as they are distinct groups of vertebrates that have different characteristics and evolutionary histories. Amphibians, such as frogs and salamanders, typically undergo metamorphosis from a larval stage that is aquatic to an adult form that is usually terrestrial. They have moist skin and require water for reproduction.

Reptiles, on the other hand, include animals like snakes, lizards, and turtles, which are adapted to life on land, have dry, scaly skin, and reproduce by laying eggs on land or giving live birth. The two groups share some similarities due to their common ancestry, but they are classified separately because of significant differences in their physiology, habitats, and life cycles.

Birds, mammals, and fish do include reptiles within broader classification contexts. Birds are often grouped with reptiles under the clade Archosauria due to their evolutionary link. Mammals are also separate from reptiles but are part of the larger group of amniotes, which includes both reptiles and birds. Fish represent a more primitive branch of vertebrates and do not include reptiles. Each of these categories serves as a distinct branch in the tree of life, but amphibians diverge earlier from common ancestral traits