How do flowers reproduce in angiosperms?

In angiosperms, reproduction primarily occurs through seeds, which are produced following the process of fertilization. Angiosperms, or flowering plants, have a unique reproductive structure known as the flower, which contains the male and female reproductive organs. The male part, called the stamen, produces pollen (which contains sperm cells), while the female part, known as the pistil, contains ovules (which house the eggs).

The process begins with pollination, where pollen is transferred from the stamen to the pistil, often aided by wind, insects, or other animals. Once a pollen grain reaches the pistil and successfully fertilizes an ovule, a seed is formed. This seed encompasses the developing embryo, which will eventually grow into a new plant. Additionally, seeds contain stored nutrients, which provide the necessary energy for the embryo during its initial growth stage after germination.

While spores, vegetative propagation, and budding are methods of reproduction in other plant groups, angiosperms distinctly and primarily reproduce through seeds, highlighting the evolutionary advancement of this group over non-flowering plants.